{"id":30493,"date":"2017-04-06T19:02:46","date_gmt":"2017-04-06T16:02:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/?p=30493"},"modified":"2017-04-07T10:23:41","modified_gmt":"2017-04-07T07:23:41","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a-3\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u061f<\/strong>
\n\"\"<\/a>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO2) \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (N2O) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 (CH4) \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CFCs) \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646 (O3) \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0646\u064f\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062e\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0641\u062a\u0645\u0643\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u064e\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a (CFCs) \u0648(SF6) \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0628\u0640 1300 \u064823900 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0640 (CO2). \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a:<\/p>\n

1. (CO2)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0644\u064a 380 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0646\u060c (\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0640\u0629 275 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 %30). \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 %55.<\/p>\n

2. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 %15.<\/p>\n

3. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0651\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 %4. \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 %24.<\/p>\n

4. (N2O)\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 %18 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 %6.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628\u064e \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 – \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1750 – \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 (CO2) \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a (\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a (CO2))\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1960 \u06482010\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a (CFCs) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0648 (N2O) \u0628\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (5.1-6.5) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646 (O3)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u064e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646.. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n

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\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 Palaeozoic (\u0642\u0628\u0644 250 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629) \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 Eocene (\u0642\u0628\u0644 55 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0650\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062f\u062d\u0636 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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