![\"iqtisadiyat\"](\"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/iqtisadiyat.jpg\")
<\/a>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\n\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 (2015)<\/strong>
\n\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0645\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631.
\n\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646.
\n\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n (1) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633. \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0632 (2) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u0645.\u0643. \u0643\u0632\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0643\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a \u062a. \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u00ab\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0650\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644\u00bb. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/a>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.. \u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629
\n\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u064a\u0648 \u0647\u0648
\n\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a (2015)<\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062a \u064a\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a. \u0641\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0647\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0621\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u00bb. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.
\n\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u062a \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645.
\n\u00ab\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0630\u0651 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0642\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0649\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/a>10000 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629
\n\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 (2015)<\/strong>
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\n\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u061f \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u061f \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u061f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<\/a>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645
\n\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 (2015)<\/strong>
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\n\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644: \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0640 \u00ab\u0647\u0632\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u063a\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0629\u00bb \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f.
\n\u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645\u00bb\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0632\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0645. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629
\n\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0643
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 (2015)<\/strong>
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\n\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0623.\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a | \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 2015<\/strong>
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<\/a>\u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645
\nThe Temple of Perfection: a History of the Gym
\n\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u0625\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0634\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: Reaktion Books – \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 (2015) <\/strong>
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\n\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u00bb\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0634\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631.
\n\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/a>\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a
\nThe Meaning of the Library: A Cultural History
\n\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631: \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062f
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: Princeton University Press
\n\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 (2015) <\/strong>
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\n\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.
\n\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0651\u0650\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n<\/a>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629
\nThe Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution
\n\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: Harper – \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 (2014)<\/strong>
\n\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645. \u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.
\n\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1492\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/a>\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0633
\nCosmos
\n\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0631\u064a
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: Flammarion – \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 (2014)<\/strong>
\n\u00ab\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0633\u00bb (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u00bb.
\n\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0623\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627.
\n\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b.
\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0646\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.
\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0645\u0644\u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/a>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639
\nNotes on the Death of Culture: Essays on Spectacle and Society.
\n\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: Farrar, Staus and Giroux
\n\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 (2015)<\/strong>
\n\u00ab\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u00bb \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2010\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0648\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648.
\n\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062b\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.
\n\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u00ab\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n
<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n
\nThe Bad Doctor: The Troubled Life and Times of Dr. Iwan James. by Ian Williams
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: Myriad Editions – \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 (2014)<\/p>\n
\nGraphic Medicine Manifesto by MK Czerweic, Ian Williams, Susan Merill Squier, Michael Green, Kimberly Myers, Scott T. Smith
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: Penn State University Press – \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 (2015)<\/p>\n
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