{"id":26667,"date":"2015-07-19T09:53:47","date_gmt":"2015-07-19T06:53:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/?p=26667"},"modified":"2015-07-20T16:42:22","modified_gmt":"2015-07-20T13:42:22","slug":"%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"82\"<\/a>\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631: \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0650\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u00ab\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u00bb \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u00bb (intrapreneurship) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645<\/strong>
\n\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u00ab\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u00bb (Global Enterpreneurship Monitor) \u00ab\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0651\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0633\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f)
\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u00bb (\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f) \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629.
\n\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 700 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u062f. \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 200 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 500 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629.
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\"83\"<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0639\u064e\u062b \u0644\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u064b\u00bb \u0623\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u00ab\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0647\u00bb. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u061f<\/strong>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642. \u0641\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 (1842 – 1924) \u0641\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644 5 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/strong>
\n\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 – \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/strong>
\n\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644<\/strong>
\n\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0641\u0648\u062c\u0626 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 35264 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 100 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 18 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 %11 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0632 (Portugal Ventures).<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631<\/strong>
\n\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u00ab\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u00bb. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 (European Entrepreneurship Foundation) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0639\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0622\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0641\u0646- \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/strong>
\n\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (OECD). \u0648\u0622\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0641\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 3 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a (global Entrepreneurship Monitor).<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646- \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/strong>
\n\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a (Intelligent Community Forum). \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u064a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 (Technopol) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Tech City) \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 (Tallinn University of Technology)\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646: \u063a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 (Gamefounders) \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0632\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0632 (Startup Wiseguys).
\n\"map\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/strong>
\n\"85\"<\/a>\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a (1885-1972) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631 (1909-2005) \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641:
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.
\n\u2022 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/strong>
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\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062c\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645: \u00ab\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u061f\u00bb. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632.<\/p>\n

\"87a\"<\/a>\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/strong>
\n\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u062d.<\/p>\n

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\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644
\n\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/strong>
\n\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 (Bureau of Labor Statistics)\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631<\/strong>
\n\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1919 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1932\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647: \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0651\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0650\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f.
\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 (endogenous growth theory)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u064e\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0628 (straw) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647.
\n\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0625\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0651\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a). \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b.
\n\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 (\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062e\u064e\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0635 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647.<\/div>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a 1\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2010\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 1994. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 4,1 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1994\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 2,5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646
\n\u0633\u0646\u0629 2010. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\"87c\"<\/a>\u0641\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645. \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 1993 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2006 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2007\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0626\u0630\u064d. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\n

\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/strong>
\n\u064a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u062d\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 – \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2016\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2013. \u0648\u064a\u064e\u062f\u0631\u064f\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0628\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>
\n\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u00ab\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0645\u00bb\u061b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u062b \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 %5 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 – \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u00ab\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0627\u00bb\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u00ab\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1999\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a- \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/strong>
\n\u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 50 \u0628\u064a\u0646 130 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 8 \u0628\u064a\u0646 15 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2015. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 36 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 (UMICs) \u0634\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 29 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/strong>
\n\u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 2015<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n61.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n\u0642\u0637\u0631<\/td>\n56.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n49.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n37<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n47.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n39<\/td>\n\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n47.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n43<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n45.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n50<\/td>\n\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n40.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\n63<\/td>\n\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n35.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\n65<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n33.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n73<\/td>\n\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n79<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/td>\n30.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\n82<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/td>\n29.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n91<\/td>\n\u0645\u0635\u0631<\/td>\n28.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064831 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015<\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 31\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 130 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0645\u062a 15 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a 2014.\u0639\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u00bb
\nhttp:\/\/www.alriyadh.com\/1017365?print=1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 69 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 170 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022 Shane, Scott Andrew (2000). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-opportunity Nexus. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78100-799-0
\n\u2022 Paul D. Reynolds (30 September 2007).Entrepreneurship in the United States: The Future Is Now. Springer. ISBN 978-387-0-3-45671
\n\u2022 Landstrom, H. (31 December 2007). Pioneers in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-23633-9
\n\u2022 Schumpeter, Joseph Alois (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry Into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-87855-698-4
\n\u2022 https:\/\/www.bing.com\/search?q=entrepreneurship+definition&PC=U316&FORM=CHROMN<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637
\nhttp:\/\/web.undp.org\/cpsd\/report\/index.html<\/a>
\n\u2022 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Mapping Entrepreneurship Ecosystem of Saudi Arabia \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u064a\u062f …","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[65],"tags":[],"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26667"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26667"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26667\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27085,"href":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26667\/revisions\/27085"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26667"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26667"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.qafilah.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26667"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}